What is Vulvar Cancer?

Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface area of the female genitalia, called the vulva. It most commonly affects the labia, but it can also involve the clitoris or the skin between the vulva and the anus (perineum). While it’s more often diagnosed in older women, vulvar cancer can affect adults of any age.

Types of Vulvar Cancer

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The most common type, accounting for about 90% of cases. It usually starts in the skin cells lining the vulva.
• Melanoma: A less common but aggressive type that begins in pigment-producing cells.
• Basal Cell Carcinoma: Rare and slow-growing, typically found in sun-exposed areas but can also appear on the vulva.
• Adenocarcinoma: Begins in the glandular cells, such as those found in Bartholin’s glands.
• Sarcoma: Very rare and originates in connective tissue.

Global Statistics (2024)

• Accounts for about 4% of all gynecologic cancers.
• Approximately 45,000 new cases are diagnosed globally each year.
• Most commonly affects women over the age of 60, but younger women with HPV are also at risk.
• The 5-year survival rate is about 70% when detected early.

Symptoms

• Persistent itching, burning, or pain in the vulvar area
• Changes in skin color or texture (thickening, dark patches)
• Open sores, lumps, or warts on the vulva
• Bleeding not related to menstruation
• Pain during urination or intercourse
• Swelling or tenderness

Risk Factors

• HPV Infection: Human papillomavirus, particularly types 16 and 18, is a major risk factor.
• Age: Risk increases significantly after age 50.
• Smoking: Weakens immune defense and increases risk in HPV-positive individuals.
• Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN): A precancerous condition.
• Immunosuppression: Such as in organ transplant recipients or those with HIV.
• Lichen Sclerosus: A chronic skin condition that causes itching and scarring of the vulva.

Diagnosis

• Pelvic Exam: Visual and physical examination of the vulva.
• Biopsy: Removal of a small tissue sample to examine for cancer cells.
• Imaging Tests: MRI, CT scan, or PET scan to assess spread.
• HPV Testing: Especially important in younger patients.

Treatment Options

• Surgery: Primary treatment; options include excision, laser surgery, or vulvectomy depending on stage.
• Radiation Therapy: Often used before or after surgery to shrink or control tumors.
• Chemotherapy: May be used in advanced or recurrent cases.
• Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy: Emerging options in clinical trials, especially for HPV-related cancers.
• Reconstructive Surgery: Sometimes necessary for functional or cosmetic recovery.

Prognosis

• Early-stage vulvar cancer is highly treatable, often with good outcomes.
• Later-stage diagnosis may involve lymph node spread and requires more aggressive treatment.
• Regular monitoring and follow-up are critical due to recurrence risks.

Prevention & Awareness

• HPV Vaccination: A key preventive measure, ideally before becoming sexually active.
• Routine Gynecologic Exams: Early detection through regular screenings is vital.
• Safe Sexual Practices: Use of protection to reduce HPV transmission.
• Quit Smoking: Reduces your risk, especially if HPV-positive.
• Awareness: Know the signs and don’t ignore symptoms.

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Disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes and does not replace professional medical advice. Please consult your doctor for personalized care.